This is part of the Med in Small Doses series, which aims to give you a snapshot of a disease or disorder. For information about the series, or common abbreviations click here.
This is a quick overview of some of the more common neuro-developmental disorders medical students should be aware about. There are many causes for neuro-developmental disorders, but the vast majority can be split up into the following categories;
- Deprivation
- Genetic disorders
- Immune dysfunction
- Infectious diseases
- Metabolic disorders
- Nutrition
- Trauma
- Toxic and environmental factors
Cerebral Palsy: non-progressive neuro-motor deficit. The brain lesions of cerebral palsy occur from the foetal - 3 years. 30-50% have mental retardation. 2-2.5/1000 births. Multidisciplinary approach to treatment/management. Botulinum toxin type A is the most commonly used drug for Cerebral Palsy with spasticity.
Living with Cerebral Palsy
Posterior Fossa Abnormalities: Dandy-Walker Malformation, Chiari I Malformation, Chiari II (Arnold-Chiari) Malformation.
Cordal Abnormalities: Hydromyelia (expansion of spinal cord central canal) Syringomyelia (cavity in inner portion of spinal cord)
Neural tube defects: failure to close/reopening
- Encephalocoele – malformed CNS diverticulum
- Spina bifida cystica – cord malformation with meningeal out pouching
- Spina bifida occulta – bony defect
- Meningomyelocele – CNS out pouching through a vertebral column defect
- Anencephaly – malformation of Ant. Neural Tube
- Craniorachischisis - congenital fissure of the cranium & vertebral column
Forebrain Anomalies
- Megalencephaly - abnormally large brain
- Microencephaly - abnormal small brain
- Lissencephaly/Agyria – absence of gyri
- Polymicrogyria (PMG) – small, overabundant cerebral convolutions
- Neuronal heterotopia – abnormal clusters of neurons in inappropriate locations
- Holoprosencephaly – incomplete separation of cerebral hemispheres.
- Agenesis of the CC
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